Pope - the Bishop of Rome, who, in virtue of his position as successor of St. Peter (one of Christ's apostles), is the chief pastor of the whole Catholic Church, the Vicar of Christ upon earth.
Partiarch - the supreme head of a christian church, e.g. Greek or Russian Or Orthadox.

Cardinal - were represesentatives and advisors of the Pope. They met in the College of Cardinals to choose a new Pope.

Archbishop (or Metropolitan) - had control of an ecclesiastical province and he presides at the same time over the bishops within his province. In England there were two Archbishops - the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Archbishop of York or Ireland which had one: the Archbishop of Armagh.

Bishop - rules over a diocese of the church, e.g. Bishop of London, Bishop of Ripon, Bishop of Ossory (Ireland)

Abbot (or Abbess) - the "superior" of a convent or community of Monks (Nuns). i.e.monestry, (nunnery) or friary

Priest - usually the man who is in charge of a Parish and has the power to celebrate Mass, remit sins, preach, administer the sacraments, direct and minister to his parisioners. He had the right to a "Benfice" or "Living", i.e. a source of income on which to live. This would consist of a tithe (10% tax on income) on the parisioners payable in cash or kind (goods, e.g. wheat, eggs, hens, sheep, wool). Many Archbishops, Bishops, Abbots, and Priests could hold many "Livings". During the middle ages the clerics were the only educated commoners and were taken into service of the monarch to run the state. These Livings would provide them with extra income and they may never go near them. Cardinal Wolsey, Archbishop of York only when to his diocese of York towards the end of his life when he was indisfavour with King Herry VIII.

Monk (Nun or Friar) - a "Religious" who lived in a single gender community who had taken vows of celebesy

The Holy Roman Emperor - the ruler of what now is modern Germany but then many different states. The Emperor was crowned by the Pope. Prior to the cornoation they were called the King of the Romans which was supposedly an elected position. For a great part of the Holy Roman Empire's history  there were seven electors, including three spiritual ones — the Archbishop of Mainz , the Archbishop of Trier , and the Archbishop of Cologne — and four lay ones — the King of Bohemia , the Count Palatine of the Rhine , the Duke of Saxony , and the Margrave of Brandenburg .

Emperor - ruled over a set of regions locally ruled by governors, viceroys or client kings in the name of an emperor .

King - a King is the Monarch of a Nation, e.g. Kings of England, France and Scotland.

Queen - usually the wives of Kings but could rule in their own right if there were no direct male heirs, e.g. Queen Jane, Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth.

Prince (and Princess) - is nowadays the title of the sons (daughters) and brothers (sisters) of the ruling monarch. In Tudor times it meant "ruler" so the eldest son of the King became Prince of Wales and ruled over Wales with his wife the Princess of Wales.The title of Niccolò Machiavelli's book "Il Principe" (The Prince) refers to such type of "prince". Elizabeth I uses it in this form when she makes her famous speech to the troops at Tilbury, 1588 , "I know I have the body but of a weak and feeble woman; but I have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a king of England too, and think foul scorn that Parma or Spain, or any prince of Europe, should dare to invade the borders of my realm......".

Dutchesses

Duke,

Earl

Countess,

Dame

Baron,

Lord

Any Duke, Earl or Baron

Knight (Knight Banneret)

Someone who had been knighted or a member of the Nobility paying a Knight's Fee to take up the title. Usually implied a duty to support your lord in time of war.

Esquire or Armiger

Implied the right to bear arms in the sense of having a coat of arms. They were members of the "Nobility" being able to trace ancestry back to the Norman landowners. It was usually used for the sons of Lords. Originally they were "squires" of Knights.

Lady, A title given to the wife of a Baron, Knight, Esquire or "Lord of the Manor".

Gentlemen ,

"Gentleman" signified a man who did not need to work, and the term was particularly used of those who could not claim nobility or even the rank of esquire (above).They usually received income from owning land which they rented out. Merchants, Yeoman Farmers and Craftsmen who bought a country estate or manor would often call themselves Gentlemen.

Masters,

This was a curtesy title given to any man who was his "own master". It could apply to a Craftsman or Merchant who ran their own business as well as Gentlemen with no other title.

Mistresses,

The wife or widow of a Master.

Yeoman

A man worth £2 per annum. Usually a farmer.

Goodwoman

The wife or widdow of a Goodman.

Goodman

An term of address for anyone man not wealthy enough to be a Yeoman.